Chapter 1Introduction to Statistics.ppt

Chapter 1Introduction to Statistics 1-1 Overview 1-2 Types of Data 1-3 Critical Thinking 1-4 Design of Experiments Section 1-1Overview Overview A common goal of studies and surveys and other data collecting tools is to collect data from a small part of a larger group so we can learn something about the larger group. In this section we will look at some of the ways to describe data. Definitions Data: observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected Statistics:a collection of methods for planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on the data Population: the complete collection of all elements (scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied; the collection is complete in the sense that it includes all subjects to be studied Census: Collection of data from every member of a population Sample: Sub collection of members selected from a population Chapter Key Concepts Sample data must be collected in an appropriate way, such as through a process of random selection. If sample data are not collected in an appropriate way, the data may be so completely useless that no amount of statistical torturing can salvage them. Section 1-2  Types of Data Key Concept The subject of statistics is largely about using sample data to make inferences (or generalizations) about an entire population. It is essential to know and understand the definitions that follow. Parameter:a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. Statistic:a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. Quantitative data: numbers representing counts or measurements. Qualitative (or categorical or attribute) data…can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristic. Working with Quantitative Data Quantitative data can further