What is temperature .ppt

What is temperature? Measure of the average random kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance Physical property that determines the direction of heat flow between two substances in thermal contact T ≠ Heat Content Heat Content = (T - Tref) x C Soil Temperature Critical factor that influences important physical, chemical, and biological processes in soil and plants: Soil hydraulic properties Organic matter decomposition and mineralization Biodegradation of pesticides Seed germination Plant growth Modes of energy transfer Radiation: emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves Conduction: transfer of heat by molecular exchanges of kinetic energy Convection: transfer of heat by bulk fluid motion Radiation All objects at a temperature T 0 K emit radiation: energy in the form of electromagnetic waves Total amount of radiation emitted strongly depends on T. Radiation Emissivity is the fraction of blackbody emittance at a given wavelength emitted by a material A blackbody is a body whose surface absorbs rather than reflects incoming shortwave radiation, and that emits long-wave radiation at maximum efficiency Solar Radiation Only a fraction of the solar radiation emitted by the Sun that reaches the Earth’s atmosphere is available for warming the soil Net radiation at the soil surface The global solar radiation as it reaches the land is further partitioned Net radiation at the soil surface: Jn = (Js + Ja)(1-?)+Jil - Jo Jn = net radiation Js = direct beam incoming short-wave Ja = diffuse incoming short-wave a = albedo: the fraction of incoming short-wave radiation reflected by the surface Jil = incoming long-wave Jlo = outgoing long-wave Albedo (a) Shortwave reflectivity For soils, a varies from 0.1 - 0.4 (unitless) Depends on: Soil color Surface roughness Sun angle (latitude, time of day) Soil wetness Slope and aspect Surface energy balance Energy balance at the soil surface: Jn = S + A + LE Jn = net radiation at the surface S = heat flux into