Chapter 14 Solutions.ppt

Chapter 14: Solutions Many of the forces we’ve talked about occur between ions/molecules in solutions Definition: A homogeneous mixture (only one phase) Examples: saltwater, tap water, gemstones, brass, air Made up of a solvent and a solute: Solvent: the substance present in the larger amount. Solute: the other substance Dissolving depends on attractive forces and entropy Solutions There is a maximum amount of any solute that will dissolve in a given solvent If less than the maximum has been added, solution is unsaturatedIf the max or more than the max has been added, solution is saturated The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a solvent. Many units of concentration:molarity (mol/L), weight % (g/g), ppm (mg/L) Solubility If a solute will dissolve in a solvent, it is soluble. Some solutes have limits, some are infinitely soluble in a solvent. Sugar: 200 g in 100 mL water at 20 oCEthanol: infinitely soluble in waterGases are infinitely soluble in one another Trends and Control of Solubility Trends and Control of Solubility “Forcing” Solubility How do you make something dissolve if it is normally insoluble in a solvent? Grease and grime are made up of nonpolar compounds. Will they dissolve in water? They will dissolve in nonpolar solvents, like turpentine, gasoline. Good for cleaning hands? Soap: the substance that makes nonpolar compounds dissolve in water. How would you design a soap molecule? What chemical properties should it have? Soap and Detergent Soap is both polar and nonpolarAttracted to water (polar) and grime (nonpolar)Soap is the salt of a fatty acid, it is a surfactant molecule. Soap Soap is both polar and nonpolarAttracted to water (polar) and grime (nonpolar) Made from fats, which contain 3 fatty acids and glycerol Soap Nonpolar end is attracted to grimePolar end is attracted to waterDirt is picked up off clothes, skin, and rinsed away Soap Hard water and soap