Chapter 16Nonspecific Defenses of the Host.ppt

Chapter 16Nonspecific Defenses of the Host Susceptibility Lack of resistance to a disease Resistance Ability to ward off disease Nonspecific resistance Defenses against any pathogen Specific resistance Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen Host Defenses Mechanical Factors Skin Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with Keratin, a protective protein Mechanical Factors Mucous membranes Ciliary escalator: Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs Lacrimal apparatus: Washes eye Saliva: Washes microbes off Urine: Flows out Vaginal secretions: Flow out Chemical Factors Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum Low pH (3-5) of skin Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice Transferrins in blood find iron NO inhibits ATP production Normal Microbiota Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion: Normal microbiota compete with pathogens. Formed Elements In Blood Differential White Cell Count Percentage of each type of white cell in a sample of 100 white blood cells White Blood Cells Neutrophils: Phagocytic Basophils: Produce histamine Eosinophils: Toxic to parasites, some phagocytosis Monocytes: Phagocytic as mature macrophages Fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, bronchi Wandering macrophages roam tissues Lymphocytes: Involved in specific immunity Phagocytosis Phago: eat Cyte: cell Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes Phagocytosis Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis Inflammation Redness Pain Heat Swelling (edema) Acute-phase proteins activated (complement, cytokine, kinins) Vasodilation (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) Margination and emigration of WBCs Tissue repair Chemicals Released by Damaged Cells Inflammation Inflammation Fever: Abnormally High Body Temperature Hypothalamus normally set at 37°C Gram-negative endotoxin cause phagocytes to release interleukin 1 Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a