GG 450 April 16, 2008.ppt

GG 450 April 16, 2008 Seismic Reflection 1 BREAK This table shows ‘model’ errors expected from Green’s Method and Dix’ Method for obtaining interval velocities. Reflections from a single dipping layer We can model reflections from a flat layer using the image source geometry. How does this geometry change if the layer is dipping? For a dipping layer, the image source is placed at twice the depth to the layer along the perpendicular to the boundary, Notice that the travel times of reflections from the dipping layer will be identical to the case where the shot is above the image source and the layer is horizontal. I.e. the reflections are symmetric around the minimum time. E Q N G There are several important observations to be made from this construction: ??The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection from the layer, so Snells law is obeyed, ?The length QN equals the length EN, so that the length of ray ENQ is identical to the length QG, ? The shortest reflected ray (least-time) is the one that hits the surface directly above the image source, ??The shape of the travel time curve for the reflections is independent of the dip - but the location of tmin changes with dip. ? The reflection arrival is no longer asymptotic to the direct arrival. The indication that dip is present in travel time data is the offset of the shortest reflection time from directly below the shot point. Curves above are for constant depth to the interface measured perpendicular to the interface at the shot point. Dip is in degrees. Note that the reflection at high dip is shown coming in before the direct arrival. This cannot happen. In this case, the thickness of the layer below the geophone is less than zero. The dip of the layer can be calculated from: The depth to the interface measured perpendicular to the interface at the shot point, j, is: where j is the distance to the reflector measured perpendicular to the reflector, as contrasted to the depth h, which is the depth to t