Lesson 16 More Issues for Debating.ppt

Lesson 16 More Issues for Debating —Tourism Other Issues The following tips are oriented towards making preparations for greater effectiveness How to construct effective arguments? There are many techniques that each speaker can use in their speech but there are three main areas that you will be marked on. They are language, content and delivery. 1) language Language is important since contestants must be understood. Judges look for accurate pronunciation, enunciation and articulation as well as the ability to vary the pace and pitch of the voice when speaking. Vocabulary use must be appropriate, correct and interesting. Try to avoid being too informal but don’t go overboard the other way. 2) content Content is what you say, it is the substance of your speech. You should divide your content into arguments and supporting materials. An argument is a statement “the topic is true/false because of x”, where the argument fills in for the x. For example in the topic论点 “that the zoos should be closed” an argument论据 may be: “the zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment” . 3) delivery To bring the topic alive, you can use the following tips: Cue cards: use them the same way you would use a prompt in a play. They are there for reference if you lose your spot. Eye contact: if you look at the audience you will hold their attention. When you’ve got them by the eyeballs their hearts and minds will follow. Voice: you must project your voice so as to be heard clearly. Adjust your volume, pitch and rate of speaking to emphasize and catch the audience’s attention. Body language: your body is a tool for you to use. How to refute arguments? Refutation驳斥 is the process of proving that an argument or a series of arguments, or the conclusions drawn from that argument or arguments, is false, erroneous, or at least doubtful. In a debate, effective refutations are key to success. Refutations should be handled systematically. Here are guidelines