Water Safety.ppt

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004 Water Safety Water Use Ground water Underground aquifers Many contaminants filtered out 53% of U.S. drinking water Surface water Lakes, reservoirs, streams Usually requires more treatment Used as water source for many cities Water Use Average person drinks 1-1.5 L tap water per day Bottled water popular Humans use water for Drinking and cooking Household tasks Pets, livestock Fishing, aquaculture Recreation Water Safety Regulations Safe Drinking Water Act Protection of surface water for drinking, recreation and aquatic food Clean Water Act Regulation of contamination of finished drinking water Protection of source waters Water and Bioterrorism Cities have water treatment protocols that kill many pathogens Contamination of source water difficult due to dilution factor Finished water logistically difficult to contaminate Residual chlorine levels Chlorine Resistant Agents Chlorination inactivates most agents Resistant agents include Clostridium perfringens Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) spores Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium parvum Coccidian protozoa Located worldwide Primarily infects small intestine Oocysts resistant to disinfection Transmission Aerosol (rare) Fecal-oral Person-to-person Animal-to-person Waterborne Foodborne Mechanical (cockroaches, flies) Cryptosporidium: History 1912 Discovered by Tyzzer American parasitologist Outbreaks associated with Drinking water, food, swimming pools and lakes, unpasteurized apple cider, hospitals (nosocomial), HIV wards, pediatric hospitals Cryptosporidium: History 1993: Milwaukee, WI Largest water supply outbreak 40,000 ill 1997: Minnesota Zoo Decorative water fountain 369 cases Most 10 years old Cryptosporidium: Humans Incubation: 1-12 days Healthy people Asymptomatic Acute self-limiting gastroenteritis 13 days in duration 10% require rehydration therapy Immunosuppressed people Severe, life-threatening Pulmonary or tracheal c