Chapter 16 Temperature and Heat.ppt

Chapter 16: Temperature and Heat Temperature and thermal equilibrium Temperature and thermal equilibrium (cont’d) Temperature and thermal equilibrium (cont’d) Temperature and its scales Calorimetry Calorimetry Exercises Exercises Exercises Exercises Exercises * Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is is measured by a thermometer Thermal equilibrium Objects placed in contact will eventually reach the same temperature. When this happens, they are in thermal equilibrium. Zero’th law of thermodynamics If an object C is in thermal equilibrium with both objects A and B, Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other too. Thermometer Thermometers are devices used to measure the temperature of an object or a system. When a thermometer is in thermal contact with a system, energy is exchanged until the thermometer and the system are in thermal equilibrium with each other. All the thermometers use some physical properties that depend on the temperature. Some of these properties are: 1) the volume of a fluid 2) the length of a solid 3) the pressure of a gas held at constant volume 4) the volume of a gas held at constant pressure 5) electric resistance of a conductor 6) the color of very hot object. Thermometer (cont’d) One common thermometer consists of a mass of liquid: mercury or alcohol. The fluid expands into a glass capillary tube when its temperature rises. When the cross-sectional area of the tube is constant, the change in volume of the liquid varies linearly with its length along the tube. The thermometer can be calibrated by placing it in thermal contact with environments that remain at constant temp. Two of such environments are: 1) a mixture of water and ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. 2) a mixture of water and steam in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. 0oC (Celsius) 100oC Freezing point Boiling point Constant-volume gas thermometer and