Chapter 16, part 2.ppt

Chapter 16, part 2 Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher Order Functions SECTION 16-3 The Parasympathetic Division Parasympathetic division Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral segments of spinal cord Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia located within or near target organs Figure 16.7 The Organization of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS Organization and anatomy of the parasympathetic division Preganglionic fibers leave the brain as cranial nerves III, VI, IX, X Sacral neurons form the pelvic nerves Figure 16.8 The Distribution of Parasympathetic Innervation Parasympathetic activation Effects produced by the parasympathetic division relaxation food processing energy absorption Neurotransmitters and parasympathetic functions All parasympathetic fibers release ACh Short-lived response as ACH is broken down by AChE and tissue cholinesterase Postsynaptic membranes have two kinds of receptors Muscarinic Nicotinic SECTION 16-4 Interactions Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions Sympathetic Widespread influence on visceral and somatic structures Parasympathetic Innervates only visceral structures serviced by cranial nerves or lying within the abdominopelvic cavity Dual innervation = organs that receive input from both systems Anatomy of dual innervation Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems intermingle to form autonomic plexuses Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus Esophageal plexus Celiac plexus Inferior mesenteric plexus Hypogastric plexus Figure 16.9 The Autonomic Plexuses Comparison of the two divisions Important physiological and functional differences exist Figure 16.10 Summary: The Anatomical Differences between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions SECTION 16-5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions Visceral reflexes Visceral reflex arcs are the simplest function of the ANS Long reflexes (interneurons) Short reflexes (bypassing CNS) P