Chapter 9 Non-parametric Tests.ppt

Chapter 9: Non-parametric Tests Parametric vs Non-parametric Chi-Square 1 way 2 way Parametric Tests Data approximately normally distributed. Dependent variables at interval level. Sampling random t - tests ANOVA Non-parametric Tests Do not require normality Or interval level of measurement Less Powerful -- probability of rejecting the null hypothesis correctly is lower. So use Parametric Tests if the data meets those requirements. One-Way Chi Square Test Compares observed frequencies within groups to their expected frequencies. HO = “observed” frequencies are not different from the “expected” frequencies. Research hypothesis: They are different. Chi Square Statistic fo = observed frequency fe = expected frequency Chi Square Statistic One-way Chi Square Calculate the Chi Square statistic across all the categories. Degrees of freedom = k - 1, where k is the number of categories. Compare value to Table of Χ2. One-way Chi Square Interpretation If our calculated value of chi square is less than the table value, accept or retain Ho If our calculated chi square is greater than the table value, reject Ho …as with t-tests and ANOVA – all work on the same principle for acceptance and rejection of the null hypothesis Two-Way Chi Square Review cross-tabulations (= contingency tables) from Chapter 2. Are the differences in responses of two groups statistically significantly different? One-way = observed vs expected Two-way = one set of observed frequencies vs another set. Two-way Chi Square Comparisons between frequencies (rather than scores as in t or F tests). So, null hypothesis is that the two or more populations do not differ with respect to frequency of occurrence. rather than working with the means as in t test, etc. Two-way Chi Square Example Null hypothesis: The relative frequency [or percentage] of liberals who are permissive is the same as the relative frequency of conservatives who are permissive. Categories (independent variable) are liberals and co