初等数论习题(第三章).docVIP

初等数论作业(第三章) 证明: 若n为正整数, (为实数, 则 (1) , (2) . 证明: 设n(?(?nq?(?r?(?{n(}, 0?(?r??n, 则[n(]?(?nq?(?r, 左边?(?, 右边?(? 所以. 设n(?(?nq?(?r?(?{n(}, 0?(?r??n, 则[n(]?(?nq?(?r, (?(?q?((?r?(?{n(})/n. r?(?0时, (?(?q?({n(}/n, 左边?(?q?(?q?(?…?(?q?(?nq. 右边?(?nq. r?(?1时, 左边?(? (?nq?(? (?nq?(?0?(?n?(?1?(?(n?(?r)?(?1 (?nq?(?r ([n(]?(?右边. # 证明不等式 [2(]?(?[2(]?(?[(]?(?[(?(?(]?(?[(] 证明: 设(?(?m?(?a, (?(?n?(?b, m, n(Z, 0?(?a, b??1. 不妨设a?(?b, 则 [2(]?(?[2(]?(?[2m(2a]?(?[2n?(?2b] ?(?2m?(?2n?(?[2a]?(?[2b] 而 [(]?(?[(?(?(]?(?[(]?(?[m?(?a]?(?[n?(?b]?(?[m?(?n?(?a?(?b] ?(?2m?(?2n?(?[a]?(?[b]?(?[a(b] ?(?2m?(?2n?(?[a(b] 下证 [2a]?(?[2b]?(?[a(b] 而 a?(?b, 故[2a]([a(b], 自然有[2a]?(?[2b]?(?[a(b]. # 证明: 若a??0, b??0, n??0, 满足n?|?an?(?bn, 则 n?|?(an?(?bn)/(a(b). 证明: 设pm?||?n, p为一个素数, a?(?b?(?t, 若pt, 则由pm?|?an?(?bn, 自然有pm?|?(an?(?bn)/t. 现设p?|?t, 而 ?(? 因为 (1) 在i?(?1, 2, …, n时, i!中含p的最高方幂是 又因pi(1?|?ti(1, pm?|?n, 故由(1)可知 pm?|?. 即 pm?|?(an?(?bn)/(a(b). 把n作因子分解并考察每一个素因子, 这就证明了n?|?(an?(?bn)/(a(b). # 证明: 若n?(?5, 2?(?b?(?n, 则 . (1) 证明: 若b??n, 则b(b(1)?|?(n(1)!, 即, 且(Z, 故(1)成立. 若b?(?n, n是一个合数且不是一个素数的平方, 可设b?(?n?(?rs, 1??r??s??n, 由(n, n(1)?(?1知??n(1, 故b(b(1)?(?rs(n(1)?|?(n(1)!, (1)式成立. 若b?(?n?(?p2, p是一个素数, 由n?(?p2?(?5知, 1??p??2p??p2?(?1?(?n?(?1, 故p, 2p, n?(?1是小于n的三个不同的数. 故p(2p((n(1)?(?2b(b(1)?|?(n(1)!, 故(1)式成立. 若b?(?n?(?p, p是一个素数, 由(p(1)!?(?1?(?0 (mod p)知 即, 而(p, p(1)?(?1知(1), (1)成立. # 证明: 对于任意的正整数n, 是一个整数. 证明: 因为vp((2n)!)?(?, vp((n)!)?(?, vp((n(1)!)?(?. 所以只需证 ( i?(?1, . (*) 设n?(?qpi?(?r, 0?(?r??pi, 则若r??pi?(?1, 则(*)式成立. 若r?(?pi?(?1, 则而 , 故此时(*)式也成立. 所以 (Z. # 证明: 设, 则 (1) 是一个整数; (2) 如n是一个素数, 而max(n1, …, nk)??n, 则 . 证明: (1) 证法一 只需设n1, n2,…, nk均为正数, 设p为任意素数, 则vp((n)!)?(?, vp((nj)!)?(?, 只需证对(i?(?1均成立, 而由P64 性质2知这是显然的, 故(Z. 证法二 n?(?2时, , 假设n?(?1时结论成立, 则当n时 (由归纳假设知, 又(Z.) (2) 若n是素数, 且max(n1, n2,…,nk)??n, 故n?|?n!, 而nn1!, n2!, …, nk!, 所以 .