微积分英文版2.ppt

CHAPTER 2 LIMITS 2.1 Introduction to Limits (Calculus is ALL about limits!) An Intuitive Understanding A limit implies what happens to our function as we get closer and closer to a specific x value. We may never get to that point, and that does not matter, we are only interested in the behavior of the function (y-values) as we get VERY close to a specific x value. Find The function is not defined at x = 1, but since we’re only interested in what happens as we get VERY close to that point, it does not matter. Factoring the numerator creates: (x -1)(x2 +x+1), thus the (x – 1) cancels, leaving This indicates that the function values are getting very, very, very close to 1 as the x values approach 3. 1.2 Rigorous Study of Limits Definition of Limit: L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches c if for any value of epsilon (no matter how small) around f(x)=A, there’s a value of sigma around x=c, such that all function values fall into the “target area” of epsilon about L. How do you prove a limit exists? For any given epsilon, you must find sigma, in terms of that epsilon such that it would always be true. Prove Prove example: Prove 3. 左极限与右极限 Function 2.6 Limit Theorems 极限的四则运算法则 若 若 定理. 若 例. 设有分式函数 example 例 . 求 试确定常数 a 使 Squeeze Theorem A) g(x) is bounded above and below by f(x) and h(x) B) the limit of f(x) as x approaches a = L and the limit of h(x) as x approaches a=L THEN C) the limit of g(x) as x approaches a = L. (WHY is this useful? Sometimes we can’t calculate a limit of a specific function, but we CAN calculate the limit of other functions right above below it!) 函数极限存在的夹逼准则 两个重要极限 注 example. calculate 2. Calculate Calculate 2.7 Limits Involving Trigonometric Functions Limits of trig. functions Special trigonometric limits Evaluate the limit 2.8 Limits at Infinity Limits at infinity f(x) has a limit of L as x approaches infinity, if for any epsilon, you can find a value (M) for x, such that all function values of x greater than M are within epsilon of L.