北大经济学原理第六课.pdfVIP

第六章 市场与政府政策 Markets and Government Policies 1 1 供给、需求与政府政策 Supply, Demand, and Government Policies 在自由的、无管制的市场中，市场的力量建立均衡价格， 决定交换的数量 In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities. 虽然均衡的状态是有效率的，但也许并非使每人都满意 While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied. 经济学家的作用之一是运用他们的理论帮助制定政府政策 One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies. 2 2 价格控制 Price Controls... 实行价格控制通常是政府相信市场价格对买方 或卖方不公平 Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers. 两种价格控制：价格上限和价格下限 Result in government-created price ceilings and floors. 常常引发事与愿违的结果（效率和公平损失） 经济分析的重要性：供给和需求工具 3 3 价格上限与价格下限 Price Ceilings Price Floors 价格上限（Price Ceiling ） 法定最高价格 A legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold. 价格下限（Price Floor ） 法定最低价格 A legally established minimum price at which a good can be sold. 4 4 价格上限 Price Ceilings 政府实行价格上限时有两种可能结果 Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling: 当价格上限高于均衡价格时，价格上限没有限制性The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium pr