Basic Descriptive Statistics Healey, Chapter 2.ppt

Basic Descriptive Statistics Healey, Chapter 2 Percentages, Ratios and Rates, Frequency Distributions, Charts and Graphs Outline: Percentages and Proportions Ratios, Rates, and % Change Frequency Distributions Charts and Graphs Percentages and ProportionsFormulae: Percentages and Proportions (cont.) Report relative size. Compare the number of cases in a specific category to the number of cases in all categories. Compare a part (specific category) to a whole (all categories). The part is the numerator (f ). The whole is the denominator (N). Percentages and Proportions (cont.) Suppose you have a group of 229 sociology majors, of which 97 are female and 132 are male. What percentage of this group is female? The whole is the number of people in the group. The part is the number of females. Percentages and Proportions (cont.) To identify the whole and the part, use the keywords of and is. of identifies the whole (N) is identifies the part (f) Percentages and Proportions: Example What % of social science majors is female? of (whole) = all sociology majors 97 + 132 = 229 is (part) = female sociology majors 97 (97/229) * 100 = (.4236) * 100 = 42.36% 42.36% of sociology majors are female Ratio Compares the relative sizes of categories. Compares parts to parts. Ratio = f1 / f2 f1 - number of cases in first category f2 number of cases in second category Ratio (cont.) In a class of 23 females and 19 males, the ratio of males to females is: 19/23 = 0.83 For every female, there are 0.83 males. In the same class, the ratio of females to males is: 23/19 = 1.21 For every male, there are 1.21 females. For Practice: With a partner, try Healey, #2.1 in 2/3e (a-e) a. % married in A ____ ? in ____ ? b. Ratio single to married in A ___ ? in B ___ ? c. Proportion widowed in A ____? in B ____? d. % single living in B ____? e. Ratio unmarried (living together) to married in A ____ ? in B ____? Rate (cont.) Expresses the number of actual occurrences of an event