Chapter 19Population Genetics.ppt

Chapter 19Population Genetics  Populations as Genetic Reservoirs Population A group of interbreeding organisms belonging to a single species Gene pool Set of genetic information carried by the members of a sexually reproducing population Allelic frequency Frequency of an allele is present in the population Calculating Allelic Frequencies Population Genotype 54 with Blood Type M MM 26 with Blood Type MN MN 20 with Blood Type N NN Total 100 individuals = 200 alleles Freq. of M = 2(54)+26/200 = .67 Freq. of N = 2(20) +26/200 = .33 Allelic Frequencies Dominant and codominant alleles can be measured directly Recessive allelic frequencies cannot be measured directly Mathematical formulas such as Hardy-Weinberg can be used to determine allelic frequencies Using the Hardy-Weinberg Law Calculating Allelic and Genotypic Frequencies Fig. 19.4 Using the Hardy-Weinberg Law Calculating Frequency of Alleles and Genotypes Fig. 19.5 Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Large population No selection; all genotypes survive and reproduce equally Random mating No mutation or migration Frequency of Heterozygous Traits Calculating the Probability of Having an Affected Child Mutations Generate New Alleles Mutation alone has minimal impact on the genetic variability in the population Drift, migration, and selection determine the frequency of alleles in the population Changing Allelic Frequencies in a Population Genetic drift Random fluctuations in allelic frequencies from generation to generation in a small population Founder effects Allelic frequencies due to change in a population started by a small number of individuals Natural selection Unequal reproductive success that is a result of differences in fitness Natural Selection and Frequency of Genetic Disorders Examples Lactose intolerance Duchenne muscular dystrophy Sickle cell anemia Tay-Sachs disease Distribution of Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria Measuring Genetic Diversity Duffy blood group alleles FY*A