Chapter Twenty-Four The Transformation of Europe.ppt

Chapter Twenty-Four: The Transformation of Europe Chapter Twenty-Four:The Transformation of Europe Today’s Big Question: why did the outwards expansion of Europe prove to be so hegemonic and so durable? The traditional answer to the question related to questions of military power, technology, the profit motive, and religious zeal The modern answer to the question has much more to do with what was going on inside Europe; The renaissance gave way to a whole-scale reconfiguration of political, economic, social, and scientific relationships, which involved: An end to the dominance of religion in the political sphere (ultramontagnism and divine right) The constitution of independent and sovereign states The end of feudalism The growth of early capitalism The scientific revolution The Fragmentation of Western Christendom The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Reform Outside Germany John Calvin The Catholic Reformation The Council of Trent St. Ignatius Loyola The Society of Jesus The Fragmentation of Western Christendom Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars Witch-Hunting Religious Wars The Thirty Years’ War The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Attempted Revival of Empire Charles V The Consolidation of Sovereign States The Attempted Revival of Empire Charles V Imperial Fragmentation Foreign Challenges The New Monarchs Finance State Power The Spanish Inquisition The Consolidation of Sovereign States Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies Constitutional States Absolutism The Sun King Absolutism Outside France The European States System The Peace of Westphalia The Balance of Power Military Development Early Capitalist Society Population Growth and Urbanization American Food Crops Population Growth Urbanization Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization The Nature of Capitalism Supply and Demand Joint-Stock Companies Politics and Empire The Putting-Out System Social Change in Early Modern Europe Profit and Ethics The Nuclear Family Science and Enlightenmen