Lecture 28 amp;29.ppt

Lecture 28 29 Cloning Dolly What was Dolly? In 1997 Dolly the sheep became the first vertebrate cloned from the cell of an adult animal. Not only was this a remarkable scientific breakthrough but it immediately gained interest and concern from around the world on the future of cloning technology as it would effect humans. Dolly: The Cloning of a Sheep Topics of Discussion What is cloning? Methods of cloning Dolly in detail Dolly’s probability Today’s legality The future of cloning Ethical final questions What is cloning? Reproductive cloning- The entire animal is produced from a single cell by asexual reproduction. This would allow for the creation of a human being who is genetically identical to another. Therapeutic cloning- Broader use of the term “cloning.” Does not create a new genetically identical individual. Research includes therapy for human mitochondria disease and others that could replace damaged or diseased tissues without the risk of rejecting another’s tissue. Could create new skin tissue for burn patients. Other types of cloning Multiple copies of genes or gene fragments, repeating nucleotide sequences Single cell organisms, like bacteria and fungi. This includes fermentation processes for production of bread, beer, and wine. Entire plant asexual replication Natural cloning occurs in sexual reproduction, when the embryo splits in two to produce twins. Methods of cloning Embryo splitting- Artificially splitting a single embryo at a very early stage of development. In the natural process this would create twins. However, because this is done at an early stage and there are usually less than eight cells you can only make a few clones. Both the nuclear genes and mitochondria genes would be identical. Methods of cloning Nuclear replacement- Genetic material (nucleus from embryonic, fetal, or adult cell) is removed and placed into an unfertilized egg or embryo, whose nucleus has been removed. In this case the nuclear genes remain the same