Second Low of Thermodynamics.ppt

Second Low of Thermodynamics Example 1 Heat always flows from high temperature to low temperature. So, a cup of hot coffee does not get hotter in a cooler room. Yet, doing so does not violate the first low as long as the energy lost by air is the same as the energy gained by the coffee. Example 2 The amount of EE is equal to the amount of energy transferred to the room. It is clear from the previous examples that.. Processes proceed in certain direction and not in the reverse direction. The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process. Therefore we need another law (the second law of thermodynamics) to determine the direction of a process. Thermal Energy Reservoir If it supplies heat then it is called a source. Some obvious examples are solar energy, oil furnace, atmosphere, lakes, and oceans Heat Engines We all know that doing work on the water will generate heat. However transferring heat to the liquid will not generate work. Yet, doing so does not violate the first low as long as the heat added to the water is the same as the work gained by the shaft. Previous example leads to the concept of Heat Engine!. We have seen that work always converts directly and completely to heat, but converting heat to work requires the use of some special devices. These devices are called Heat Engines and can be characterized by the following: Characteristics of Heat Engines.. They receive heat from high-temperature source. They convert part of this heat to work. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink. They operate on (a thermodynamic) cycle. Piston cylinder arrangement is an example of a heat engine.. Difference between Thermodynamic and Mechanical cycles A heat engine is a device that operates in a thermodynamic cycle and does a certain amount of net positive work through the transfer of heat from a high-temperature body to a low-temperature body. A thermodynamic cycle involves a fluid to and from which heat is transf