Polyploids and domesticated species.ppt

Polyploids and domesticated species Natalia Alvarez UW Madison March 20th, 2007 Polyploidy and its effects It is estimated that 70% of the flowering plants has polyploidy in their history (Masterson,1994). Increased cell size and gigas effect in some organs. Changes in shape and texture of organs. Greater ability to colonize new habitats than diploid ancestors. Reduction in fertility and seed production The role of polyploidy in crop improvement Gene buffering: Slower response to selection but more adaptive potential. Dosage effect: additive effect of the alleles increases the number of phenotypes. Increased allele diversity and heterozygosis: more possible allele combinations and opportunities for breeding. Novel phenotypic variation: genome interactions and changes in gene expression in new synthesized allopolyploids. Did polyploidy confer advantages for plant domestication..? Survey of 244 crops species belonging to 11 monocot and 48 dicot families. Chromosome number obtained from literature Neopolyploids determined by comparing with the smallest chromosome number in its respective genus. Determination of Paleopolyploids. Two criteria: (Goldblatt,1980), n = 11 and (Grant,1963), n = 13. The frequency of polyploids in crops was compared with estimates for angiosperms, monocots and dicots. Did polyploidy confer advantages for plant domestication..? Are polyploids more frequent in perennial plants? In allopolyploids Genomic changes Diploidization and structural evolution Intergenomic colonization. Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. Rapid genome changes Gene changes Divergence Silencing Intergenomic gene conversion Differential rate of evolution Bringing the story to the cotton… Domestication in the New World Archaeological reports of cotton fabrics found in prehistoric ruins in Arizona. Gossypium hirsutum evolved in Mexico. The oldest archaeological specimens were found in Tehuacan, and are tentatively dated at 3400 to 2300 B.C. Gossypium barbadense, is