卫生经济学：健康.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * 1910: Germany Paul Ehrlich introduces Salvarsan, first modern drug fighting syphilis. 1922: Insulin is used medicinally for the first time. 1928: Alexander Fleming discovers Penicillium. British Frederick Griffith discovers DNA. 1939: isolate pure Penicilium. 1951: American surgeon John Gibbon completes first heart-lung machine. 1952, American surgeon Charles Hufnagel implants the first artificial human heart valve. 1954: world first successful kidney transplant operation (U.S). 1958: heart pacemakers become available. 1962: first time a human limb has been successfully regrafted (US). 1967: first successful liver transplantation (US). Coronary bypass operation is developed (US). 1969: In vitro fertilization is carried out on human for the first time. 1978: first test-tube baby is born in UK. 1981: first case of AIDS 1982: artificial heart is implanted in US 1986: Human Genome Project * * * * * Economic factors: e.g. food, housing and education Generic factors: physical and personality. Life style factors: e.g. diet, sleep, exercise, and individual behaviors Environment factors: e.g. air, water Medical care: medical examination and treatment 美国Robet基金会2000年报告，影响健康因素中，生活方式占50％，环境占20％，遗传因素占20％，医疗因素仅占10％。(秦泗河：医学与人文，慧聪网???2006年4月4日10时25分) Comparing Eastern and Western cultures, the social environment factor (family/human relationship) may help Eastern people to achieve better health result. We also see more people sacrifice their health in pursuing wealth so that their overall well-being may not be increased as much as they expected. We often see people realize the importance of their health until they get fatal disease. * * * We can see the positive relationship between health care expenditures and life expectancy although this relationship is stronger at the lower expenditure level. * A positive relationship, but it drops significantly after health expenditures reaches to $1,000. * * We can see the positive relationship between hea