知识的文学，和力量的文学.docVIP

The Literature of Knowledge and the Literature of Power ?知识的文学和力量的文学What is it that we mean by literature?? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book.? 我们所谓 “文学”的，谓之何物？一个十分普遍而又轻率的回答会是：文学即是书中所承载的一切。Little logic is required to disturb that definition.? The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of man—so that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature.? ?然而，只需稍稍加以逻辑思考便可质疑这个定义。 即使是最愚钝的人也易知晓，在“文学”这个概念中有一点必不可少，那便是须与所有人的共同关注有所关联——因此，那些只专注于当地的、专业领域的或仅仅是个人关注的文字，即便是包装成书籍，也终究无法归入“文学”的范畴。 So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is as easily expanded.? For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature; but inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books.? 就这个范围而言，“文学”的定义被轻易地缩小了；然而也正是在此范畴下，其外延可以被相应地拓展。事实上，不仅很多栖身于书本的文字并非是真正的文学，反之亦然——真正的文学很多时候并不寓居书中。The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mind—to warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarm—does not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent.? ??基督教徒每周接受的礼拜传教是浩瀚无垠的布道的文学，它如此广泛地影响着泱泱众生之心：它给人告诫，予人支持，助人重振，宽人以慰，示人以警——但它却未能填满那书库圣殿的万分之一。The Drama again—as, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare’s plays in England, and all leading Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage—operated as a literature on the public mind, and were (according to the strictest letter of that term) published through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.　　?戏剧亦是如此——譬如，全英格兰最经典的莎翁①剧作，以及雅典流派巅