宾夕法尼亚大学直升机介绍.ppt

A Brief Introduction to Helicopters Robert L. Roedts II The Pennsylvania State University Rotorcraft Center of Excellence What is a Helicopter? Unique Features Rotating-wing vehicles Ability to hover Land and take-off vertically Fly forward, backward and sideways Helicopters are closely related to autogyros and tiltrotors. Motivation The overall unique aspect of a helicopter is it’s ability to hover for extended periods of time. The ability to hover it a very useful attribute. An good example is that of a hummingbird. Helicopters at Work With this ability to hover, helicopters can perform a wide range of missions. Comparison of Fixed-Wing Aircraft and Helicopters Fixed Wing Aircraft Comparison of Fixed-Wing Aircraft and Helicopters Helicopter Configurations of Rotorcraft Many different ways to counter Reactive Torque Configurations of RotorcraftMain Rotor - Tail Rotor Config. Configurations of RotorcraftTandem Rotors (Chinook) Configurations of RotorcraftCoaxial Rotors (Kamov KA-52) Configurations of RotorcraftNOTAR Helicopter Configurations of RotorcraftTilt Rotor (BA 609) Unequal Lift Distribution High-Speed Forward Flight Limitations As the forward speed increases, advancing side experiences shock effects, retreating side stalls. This limits thrust available. Vibrations go up, because of the increased dynamic pressure, and increased harmonic content. Shock noise goes up. Fuselage drag increases, and parasite power consumption goes up as V3. We need to understand and accurately predict the air loads in high speed forward flight. Interactional Aerodynamics Rotor Descent States Ground Interactions Airfoil Design Rotorcraft present an interesting problem for airfoil design. Fixed Wing Aircraft can be designed for certain conditions. The Rotorcraft environment changes rapidly as the blade travels around the rotor disk. Airfoil Design Reynolds Number and Mach Number Airfoil Design Four Rules of Rotorcraft Airfoil Design High CLmax High MDD Good L/D over a wide ra