外经贸跨文化交际导论期末考试——重要概念.docVIP

Edward Hall the founder of ICC Edward Hall conceptualized this new field of ICC in the early 1950s. The Silent Language (Hall, 1959) is considered the classic fundamental book of ICC study. Communication Defined Communication can simply refer to the act and process of sending and receiving messages among people “Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.” Attribution means that we draw upon our past experiences and give meaning to the behavior that we observe. Residue refers to those things that remain as a record of our actions. A sender refers to the person who sends the message, while a receiver is the one who receives the message. A message ?verbal or nonverbal ?carries ideas from one person to another. A verbal message includes oral message and written message. A nonverbal message has more uncertainties than the verbal one. Medium/Channel refers to the ways for sending and receiving messages. Different messages ask for different channels. Noise refers to the disturbances along the communication processes, which may result in unintended message perceived by the receiver. Feedback refers to the reaction from the message receiver to the message sender. Feedback can be further divided into two pairs: positive feedback vs. negative feedback; internal feedback vs. external feedback. Encoding refers to the process of the sender putting the message into a signal (the encoded message); Decoding refers to the process of the receiver interpreting the signal from the sender. Definition of culture Culture is the arts and other manifestation of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. Communication is culture, and culture is communication. The culture is both an influence factor for behavior as well as an interpretation factor of behavior. Culture may be classified by three large categories of elements: Artifact (which include items ranging from arrowheads to