纳米粒子二氧化钛防晒霜.docVIP

Keywords Ethics.Environmental health and safety(EHS).Nanomaterial.Nanotechnology.Risk assessment and management.Societal experimentation.Sunscreen.Titanium dioxide (TiO2).Uncertainty.UV protection 伦理。环境健康和安全(EHS)。 纳米材料纳米技术。风险评估和管理。社会实验。 防晒霜。二氧化钛(二氧化钛)的不确定性。紫外线保护 Abstract The risks of novel technologies, such as nano(bio)technology cannot be fully assessed due to the existing uncertainties surrounding their introduction into society. Consequently, the introduct ion of innovative technologies can be conceptualised as a societal experiment, which is a helpful approach to evaluate moral acceptability. This approach is illustrated with the marketing of sunscreens containing nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles. We argue that the marketing of this TiO2 nanomaterial in UV protective cosmetics is ethically undesirable,since it violates four reason able moral conditions for societal experimentation ( absence of alternatives,controllability, limited informed consent, and continuing evaluation) . To remedy the current way nano-sized TiO2 containing sunscreens are utilised, we suggest five complementing actions (closing the gap,setup monitoring tools, continuing review, designing for safety, and regulative improvements ) so that its marketing can become more acceptable. 风险的新技术,如纳米(生物)技术不能进行完全评估由于现有的不确定性它们引入社会。因此,引进离子的创新技术可以作为一个社会实验,概念化 这是一个有用的方法来评估道德可接受性。这种方法体现营销的防晒霜含纳米二氧化钛(二氧化钛粒子。我们认为,市场营销的二氧化钛纳米材料在紫外线防护化妆品在伦理上不受欢迎的,因为它违反了四个原因能道德社会实验条件(缺乏替代品,可控性,有限的知情同意,和持续的评价)。解决当前的方法是利用纳米二氧化钛包含防晒霜,我们建议五补充操作(缩小差距,设置监控工具,持续的审查,设计安全、规范的改进),以便其营销可以变得更加可以接受。 Introduction The current debate about the impact of nanoparticles on environ mental, health, and safety (EHS) issues is frustrated by the high level of discord surrounding nanote chnology . Part of the confusion started with the rhetoric used to promote nanotechnology and heralding the novel technology as the next industrial revolution . After warnings from environmentalists and civil activists groups (CAGs) the tone changed and nano