材料科学基础课件清华skja_30.ppt

材料科学基础Fundamental of Materials §6.8 Diffusion Mechanism Ⅰ.Flicks law in microscopic form One dimensional diffusion. Two dimensional diffusion. Three dimensional diffusion. For diffusion of interstitial atoms in BCC Ⅱ.Diffusion Mechanisms Direct exchange of neighboring atoms. Interstitial mechanism to be effective for diffusion in interstitial sol.sol. Vacancy mechanism. Ⅲ.Calculation of D §6.9 Empirical rule for diffusion Factors influencing diffusion Temperature and the diffusion coefficient Composition Size Structure: D in closed packed structures is smaller than in “open” structures. Diffusion is anisotropy in crystals other than cubic. Third elements. No effect. Accelerate by forming fine grains or causing lattice distortion. Retard by forming compound. Curious effect. Example Examples and Discussions Exercise * * Prof: Tian Min Bo Tel: E-mail: tmb@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Department of Material Science and Engineering Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084 Lesson thirty Γ: probability of atom jumping to nearest position : jump frequency period simple cubic: FCC( ): 1 2 For tetrahedral interstitial For octahedral interstitial Atom must acquire additional energy ,called the activation energy, before they jump from normal state to activated state (the saddle point). This mechanism seems to be unrealistic for large Atoms jump directly in to nearby vacant site, being small. Different kind of atoms has different (chemical) affinity for vacancy. P1: probability of atom acquiring additional D : The activation energy for diffusion of species under consideration. R : The gas constant T : The absolute temperature D0 : The pre-exponential term Grain size, Defects Cold wording or irradiation Accelerate diffusion Up-hill diffusion may take place For self-diffusion Design an iron membrane that will allow no more than 1% of the nitrogen to be lost through the membra