carbohydrates 中国医科大学 糖代谢 生物化学 英文.ppt

Chapter 4 Carbohydrates Metabolism § 1 Overview Carbohydrates in general are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which yield these on hydrolysis. Biosignificance of Carbohydrates The major source of carbon atoms and energy for living organisms. Supplying a huge array of metabolic intermediates for biosynthetic reactions. The structural elements in cell coat or connective tissues. Glucose transporters (GLUT) GLUT1~5 GLUT1: RBC GLUT4: adipose tissue, muscle The metabolism of glucose glycolysis aerobic oxidation pentose phosphate pathway glycogen synthesis and catabolism gluconeogenesis §2 Glycolysis Glycolysis The anaerobic catabolic pathway by which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of lactate. glucose →2lactic acid (lack of O2) All of the enzymes of glycolysis locate in cytosol. 1. The procedure of glycolysis 1) Glycolytic pathway : G → pyruvate including 10 reactions. (1) G phosphorylated into glucose 6-phosphate Phosphorylated G cannot get out of cell Hexokinase , HK (4 isoenzymes) , glucokinase, GK in liver ; Irreversible . hexokinase glucokinase occurrence in all tissues only in liver Km value 0.1mmol/L 10mmol/L Substrate G, fructose, glucose mannose Regulation G-6-P Insulin (2) G-6-P → fructose 6-phosphate (3) F-6-P → fructose 1,6-bisphosphate The second phosphorylation phosphofructokinase-1, PFK-1 (4) F-1,6-BP → 2 Triose phosphates Reversible (5) Triose phosphate isomerization G→2 molecule glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, consume 2 ATP . (6) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate (7) 1,3-BPG → glycerate 3-phosphate Substrate level phosphorylation (8) Glycerate 3-phosphate → glycerate 2-phosphate (9) Glycerate 2-phosphate → phosphoenol pyruvate (10) PEP →pyruvate Second substrate level phosphorylation irreversi