肺炎预习资料（学生）.docVIP

肺炎预习资料—来自维基百科（/wiki/Pneumonia） Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli（肺泡）.It is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly other microorganisms, certain drugs and other conditions such as autoimmune diseases. ·肺炎：细菌、病毒等其他微生物，药物，自身免疫病 ·首先影响肺泡 ·存在疫苗 Typical symptoms include a cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.Diagnostic tools include x-rays and culture of the sputum. Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Presumed bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally admitted to hospital. ·典型症状：咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛（吸气时刺痛）、发热、寒战、呼吸困难，呼吸加快。老人：confusion。5岁以下儿童：发烧、咳嗽、呼吸加快、呼吸困难 ·诊断：X线、痰培养 ·病因治疗。细菌性：抗生素 Annually, pneumonia affects approximately 450?million people, seven percent of the worlds total, and results in about 4?million deaths. Although pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as the captain of the men of death, the advent of antibiotic therapy and vaccines in the 20th century has seen improvements in survival. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. ·老人、婴儿、慢性病患者的重要死因 People with infectious pneumonia often have a productive cough, fever accompanied by shaking chills, shortness of breath, sharp or stabbing chest pain during deep breaths, and an increased respiratory rate.In the elderly, confusion may be the most prominent sign. The typical signs and symptoms in children under five are fever, cough, and fast or difficult breathing. Pneumonia caused by Legionella （军团菌）may occur with abdominal pain, diarrhea, or confusion, while pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae （肺炎链球菌）is associated with rusty colored sputum, and pneumonia caused by Klebsiella may have bloody sputum often described as currant jelly. Bloody