计算机科学的本史元春.pptVIP

计算机科学的本质史元春清华大学计算机科学与技术系 Computing History is only Computing is becoming pervasive/ubiquitous History of Computing Machines －1946 ENIAC Von Neumann Computer Modern Computers History of Computing Machines:－1946 The Abacus The Mechanical Calculators The Electromechanical Machines History of Computing Machines:－1946 算盘 数字由算珠的数量表示 数位由算珠的位置确定 通过手动完成从低位到高位的数字传送（十进制） 执行运算就是按照一定的规则移动算珠的位置 History of Computing Machines:－1946 机械时代 History of Computing Machines:－1946 机电时代 History of Computing Machines:ENIAC ENIAC：Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (电子数字积分器和计算器) 1946，U Penn 170m2，30 tons，150kwatts, 18800 vacuum tubes，5000 ps The first high speed general electronic computer The Von Neumann Architecture ENIAC的致命缺点：程序与计算两分离 指挥近2万电子管“开关”工作的程序指令，存放在机器的外部电路里。计算某个题目前，数十人用几小时甚至好几天把数百条线路用手接通，才能进行几分钟运算 1946, Stored Program: EDVAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer, 离散变量自动电子计算机) All computers more or less based on the same basic design The Von Neumann Architecture Model for designing and building computers, based on the following three characteristics: The computer consists of four main sub-systems: Memory ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) Control Unit Input/Output System (I/O) Program is stored in memory during execution. Program instructions are executed sequentially. The Von Neumann Architecture History of Computing Machines －1946 ENIAC Von Neumann Computer Modern Computers First Four Generations First generation: Vacuum tube computers (1940s - 1950s) Second generation (1950s): Transistors First Four Generations First generation: Vacuum tube computers (1940s - 1950s) Second generation (1950s): Transistors Third generation (1960s and 1970s): Integrated circuits Fourth generation (late 1970s through present): LSI and VLSI Personal computers, computer networks, WWW, etc. Next generation: New user interfaces (voice activation, etc.) New computational paradigm (parallel processing, neural network, etc.) Parallel processing, artificial intelligence, op