16-Principles of Chemical Equilibrium .pdfVIP

Chapter 16: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium 化学平衡原理 Contents 16- 1 Dynamic Equilibrium 16-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression 16-3 Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants 16-4 The Significance of the Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant 16-5 The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of a Net Change 16-6 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Chatelliers Principle 16-7 Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 2 of 45 16-1 Dynamic Equilibrium ? Equilibrium –two opposing processes taking place at equal rates. ? 可逆反应速率相等时的状态 H O l H O g 2 2 H O 2 NaCl s NaCl aq CO g + 2 H g CH OH g 2 3 I H O I CCl 2 2 2 4 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 3 of 45 16-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression k 1 2 Forward: CO g + 2 H g →CH OH g R k [CO][H ] 2 3 fwrd 1 2 k -1 Reverse: CH OH g → CO g + 2 H g R k [CH OH] 3 2 rvrs -1 3 At Equilibrium: k 1 R R CO g + 2 H g CH OH g fwrd rvrs 2 3 k -1 k [CO][H ]2 k [CH OH] 1 2 -1 3 k [CH OH] 1 3 K k [CO][H ]2 c -1 2 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 4 of 45 Three Approaches to Equilibrium 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 5 of 45 Three Approaches to the Equilibrium 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 6 of 45 Three Approaches to Equilibrium k 1 CO g + 2 H g CH OH g 2 3 k -1 [CH OH] [CH OH] [CH OH] 3 3 3 K c [CO][H ] [CO] 2[H ] [CO][H ]2 2 2 2 K 1.19 M- 1 0.596 M- 1 14.2 M-2 c 1 K 2.17 M- 1 1.09 M- 1 14.2 M-2 c 2 K 2.55 M- 1 1.28 M- 1 14.2 M-2 c 3 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 7 of 45 General Expressions a A + b B … . →g G + h H … . g h … . [G] [H] Equilibrium constant K c m n … . [A] [B] Thermodynamic g h … . a a G H Equilibrium constant Keq a b … . a a A B a [B] [B] cB0 is a standard reference state B 0 B c B - 1 1 mol L ideal conditions 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 8 of 45 16-3 Relationships Involving the Equilibrium Constant ? Reversing an equation causes inversion of K . （正逆反应的平衡常数） CO g + 2 H g CH OH g 2 3 [CH OH] 3 K ＝ [CO][H ]2 2 CH OH g CO g + 2 H g 3 2 [CO][H ]2 1 2 K ’＝ [CH OH] K 3 化学化工学院 刘巍 Slide 9 of 45 16-3 Relati