A control strategy for energy optimal operation of a direct district heating system.pdfVIP

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH Int. J. Energy Res. 2004; 28:597–612 DOI: 10.1002/er.987 A control strategy for energy optimal operation of a direct district heating system Lianzhong Li and M. Zaheeruddinn,y Department of Building, Civil Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1M8 SUMMARY A dynamic model of a direct district heating system DDHS is developed, and an energy optimal control strategy is designed. The DDHS is characterized as a system with long transport time delay. The use of a Smith predictor SP to deal with this type of time delay is explored. An SP is designed by using the reduced-order dynamic model and implemented on the full-order model. Also, optimal set point pro?les of supply water temperature as a function of outdoor air temperature have been determined. The simulation results show that the SP works e?ectively in disturbance rejection compared with the nominal control design. The use of optimal set point control strategy resulted in energy savings of the order of 19–32% when the in?uence of internal load was considered. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS: direct district heating system; transport time delay; Smith predictor controller; simulation; optimal operation; energy conservation 1. INTRODUCTION The direct district heating system DDHS is widely used in China for space heating. For example, as of year 2000 there was about 11.08B m2 of heated ?oor area in China. Based on economic and technical analysis, studies show that the optimal heating ?oor area in a DDHS ranges between 50 000.00 and 250 000.00 m2. If the heating area is greater than this range, an alternate heating system, which is called indirect district heating system, is recommended. Generally speaking, a DDHS consists of three main components: a heat source, the piping system and the end users. In a typic