Air Navigation amp; Control.pdfVIP

Air navigation The basic principles of air navigation are identical to general navigation, which includes the process of planning, recording, and controlling the movement of a craft from one place to another.[1] Successful air navigation involves piloting an aircraft from place to place without getting lost, breaking the laws applying to aircraft, or endangering the safety of those on board or on the ground. Air navigation differs from the navigation of surface craft in several ways: Aircraft travel at relatively high speeds, leaving less time to calculate their position en route. Aircraft normally cannot stop in mid-air to ascertain their position at leisure. Aircraft are safety-limited by the amount of fuel they can carry; a surface vehicle can usually get lost, run out of fuel, then simply await rescue. There is no in-?ight rescue for most aircraft. And collisions with obstructions are usually fatal. Therefore, constant awareness of position is critical for aircraft pilots. The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is ?ying under the visual ?ight rules VFR or the instrument ?ight rules IFR . In the latter case, the pilot will navigate exclusively using instruments and radio navigation aids such as beacons, or as directed under radar control by air traf?c control. In the VFR case, a pilot will largely navigate using dead reckoning combined with visual observations known as pilotage , with reference to appropriate maps. This may be supplemented using radio navigation aids. Route planning The ?rst step in navigation is deciding where one wishes to go. A private pilot planning a ?ight under VFR will usually use an aeronautical chart of the area which is published speci?cally for the use of pilots. This map will depict controlled airspace, radio navigation aids and air?elds prominently, as well as hazards to ?ying such as mountains, tall radio masts, etc. It also includes suf?cient ground detail