Mono-N-carboxymethyl chitosan (MCC) and N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC.pdf

International Journal of Pharmaceutics 363 (2008) 139–148 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Pharmaceutics j o u rn al h omepage: www.elsevi er.c om /locate/i jpharm Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Mono-N-carboxymethyl chitosan (MCC) and N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles for non-invasive vaccine delivery B. Sayın a , S. Somavarapu b , X.W. Li b , M. Thanou c , D. Sesardic d , H.O. Alpar b , S. S¸ enel a,∗ a Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey b School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK c Imperial College London, Genetic Therapies Centre, Department of Chemistry, Flowers Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK d Division of Bacteriology, NIBSC, Blance Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Mucosal application of a vaccine can effectively induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses. In Received 8 April 2008 general, mucosal applications of antigens result in poor immune responses. Therefore, adjuvant/delivery Received in revised form 24 June 2008 systems are required to enhance the immune response. Chitosan is a cationic biopolymer which exerts Accepted 28 June 2008 advantages as a vaccine carrier due to its immune stimulating activity and bioadhesive properties that Available online 9 July 2008 enhance cellular uptake and permeation as well as antigen protection. Similar effects are also shown by