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工具 必修3 Module 2 Developing and Developed Countries Module 2　Developing and Developed Countries 发展中国家和发达国家 Human Development Index 人类发展指数是由联合国开发计划署在《1990年人文发展报告》中提出的，是用来衡量联合国各成员国经济社会发展水平的指标，是对传统的GNP指标挑战的结果。 The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index combining measurements of life expectancy，literacy，educational achievement，and standard of living for countries worldwide.It is basically used to rank countries by level of “human development” and determine whether a country is a developed，developing，or underdeveloped country.The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Sir Richard Jolly，with the help of Gustav Ranis of Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics.It has been used since then by the United Nations Development Programme in its annual Human Development Report.It is said that the ideas of Indian Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen were also influential in the development of the HDI. The HDI measures the average achievements of a country in three basic aspects of human development： A long and healthy life，as measured by life expectancy at birth. Access to knowledge，as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary，secondary，and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (总入学率)． Standard of living，as measured by gross domestic product per capita (人均国内生产总值)． Each year，UN member states are listed and ranked according to these measurements.An HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent “low development”．An HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent “high development”． The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010，and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010.Below is the list of some “Very High Developed” countries: Norway 0.938，Australia 0.937, New Zealand 0.907，United States 0.902.Ireland 0.895，Liechtenstein 0.891，Netherlands 0.890，Canada 0.888，Sweden 0.885，Germany 0.885，Japan 0.884，South Korea 0.877，Switzerland 0.874，France 0.872.