土木工程专业英语 作者 陈瑛 2.3 2.4 Steel Materials Steel Types.pptVIP

Chapter 2-3 Steel Materials Material Properties of Steel Constituents Iron (about 99%) Benificial alloy elements Carbon – increase strength Silicon – strong oxygen absorber Manganese – weak oxygen absorber Copper – corrosion resistance Chromium – corrosion resistance Harmful elements Oxygen Sulphur – hot brittleness Phosphorous Nitrogen – cold brittleness Hydrogen – hydrogen-induced brittleness Steel Attributes ?? Strength Ability of a material to resist stresses - yield strength, ulitmate (or tensile) strength ?? Stiffness Ability of a material to resist deformation - slope of the material’s stress-strain curve ?? Toughness Ability of a material to absorb energy before failure – the area under the material’s stress-strain curve ?? Ductility Ability of a material to undergo large inelastic, or plastic, deformation before failure – percent elongation or percent reduction in area of the specimen tested in uniaxial tension Stress-Strain Curve Low carbon steel High carbon steel Steel Types Carbon steels main ingredients – carbon manganese; small amount of silicon and copper, i.e. Q235. High strength low alloy steels enhanced strength – more alloying agents such as chromium, copper, nickel, silicon etc, and others in addition to basic elements of iron, carbon, and manganese, i.e. Q345, Q390 and Q420. Quenched and tempered alloy steels heat treated by quenching, and tempering to enhance strength. Reduced ductility and plasticity. Design Considerations Fatigue caused by fluctuating loads occurs through initiation and propagation of a crack welded connections have greatest effect on fatigue strength butt welds continuous fillet weld intermittent fillet weld residual stress stress concentration tensile stress - fatigue crack propagation fatigue life determined by hot spot stress range – S-N curve Brittle fracture Fracture occurs at low stress below 0oC Charpy test Impact toughness Abrupt of cross section Stress concentration Residual stress caused by wel