曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap33.ppt

33 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply 总需求与总供给 Short-Run Economic Fluctuations Economic activity fluctuates from year to year. In most years production of goods and services rises. On average over the past 50 years, production in the U.S. economy has grown by about 3 percent per year. In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession. 短期经济波动 经济活动每年都有波动。 在大多数年份，物品与劳务的产量增加了。 在过去的50年间，美国经济的产量平均每年增长3%左右。 在一些年份，并没有出现这种正常增长，导致衰退。 Short-Run Economic Fluctuations短期经济波动 A recession is a period of declining real incomes, and rising unemployment. 衰退——实际GDP下降和失业增加的时期。 A depression is a severe recession. 萧条——严重的衰退。 THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable. Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle. Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together. As output falls, unemployment rises. 关于经济波动的三个事实 经济波动是无规律的和无法预测的。 经济中的波动通常被称为经济周期。 大多数宏观经济变量同时波动。 随着产量减少，失业增加。 Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations 图1. 观察短期经济波动 THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together. Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together. Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts. 关于经济波动的三个事实 大多数宏观经济变量一起波动。 大多数衡量某种收入或产出的宏观经济变量同时波动。 尽管很多宏观经济变量一起波动，但是它们波动的大小并不同。 Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations 图1. 观察短期经济波动 THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS As output falls, unemployment rises. Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate. During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially. 关于经济波动的三个事实 随着产量减少，失业增加。 实际GDP的变化与失业率的变化是反向相关的。 在衰退期间，失业率大幅上升。 Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations 图1. 观察短期经济波动 EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run Most economists believe that classical theory describes the world in the long run but not in the short r