大气环流第一章.pptVIP

大气环流的主要成因有： 一是太阳辐射，这是地球上大气运动能量的来 源，由于地球的自转和公转，地球表面接受太阳辐射能量是不均匀的。热带地区多，而 极区少，从而形成大气的热力环流。 二是地球自转，在地球表面运动的大气都会受地转 偏向力作用而发生偏转。 三是大气内部南北之间热量、 动量的相互交换。 四是地球表面海陆分布不均匀。 五是地表的摩擦。以上种种因素构成了地球大气环流的平均状态和复杂多变的形态。 小结 §1 Introduction Have a great day! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 0 30 30 60 60 N S Low Latitude High High Low Low Atmospheric Vertical Circulation Surface Pressure Centers 0 30 30 60 60 N S Westerly Easterly Surface Winds §1 Introduction 1.2 What makes it go? Basics of Atmospheric Circulation Two principles Hot air rises Air flows from high to low pressure (gradients) + Coriolis Effect §1 Introduction 1.2 What makes it go? 1.The Earth’s radiation budget: An “upper boundary condition” on the general circulation. Radiative Budget Earth without rotation or continents Equator heats up Hot air rises LP at ground HP aloft Poles cold Cold air sinks HP at ground LP aloft §1 Introduction 1.2 What makes it go? Equator heats up Air rises LP at ground HP aloft Poles cold Air sinks HP at ground LP aloft LP HP HP LP LP LP HP HP §1 Introduction 1.2 What makes it go? LP LP HP HP LP Large circulation cells on surface of the Earth - air flows from poles toward equator at ground level Earth without rotation or continents §1 Introduction 1.2 What makes it go? Atmospheric Circulation Earth without rotation or continents The net radiation at the top of the atmosphere, which is the difference between the absorbed solar radiation and the OLR, is positive in the tropics and negative in higher latitudes. This implies that energy is transported poleward somehow, inside the system. A portion of this energy is transported by the atmosphere, and the rest is transported by the oceans. §1 Introduction 1.2 What makes it go?- radiation budget Add rotation (Coriolis Effect) Earth with rotation, no continents Net result Coriolis deflects freely moving objects to: The right of their direction of motion in the NH (clockwise) The left if their direction of motion in the SH (countercloc