分析化学.ppt.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Error and Data Handling 2. Ways of expressing accuracy Ea = X - T A simple example Example 2-1, The results of two analysis are 0.5125g and 5.1250g respectively, the corresponding “true values” are 0.5126 and 5.1251g, calculate the Ea and Er 3. Ways of expressing Precision ④ Relative average deviation A simple example 用碘量法测定某铜合金中铜的百分含量，得到两批数据, 每批有10个。测定的平均值为10.0%。各次测量的偏差分 别为： ⑤ Standard Deviation S A simple example 比较同一试样的两组平行测定值的精密度 3. The rule of random error 3-1. Frequency distribution * Accuracy and Errors ① Absolute Error(绝对误差) ② Relative Error(相对误差) ① Absolute Error ② Relative Error Precision and Deviation ① mean ② Deviation ③ Average Deviation 第一批 di ： +0.3, -0.2, -0.4*, +0.2, +0.1, +0.4*, ?0.0, -0.3,+0.2, -0.3 第二批 di ： ?0.0, +0.1, -0.7*, +0.2, -0.1,-0.2, +0.5*, -0.2, +0.3, +0.1 试以平均偏差表示两批数据的精密度。 The first large deviation: -0.4?+0.4 The second batch of large deviation: -0.7?+0.5 But the second batch of data were significantly higher dispersion than the first batch of data. ⑥ Relative standard deviation Sr 10.3, 9.8, 9.6, 10.2, 10.1, 10.4, 10.0, 9.7, 10.2, 9.7 10.0, 10.1, 9.5, 10.2, 9.9, 9.8, 10.5, 9.7, 10.4, 9.9 —Random errors in analytical results follow a Normal Distribution/Gaussian Curve —Follow mathematical laws of probability Definition of terms 术语 The population and the sample 样本与总体 总体━━统计学中考虑对象的全体 (the theoretical infinite无穷大) POPULATION = total (infinite) number of observations 样本━━自总体随机抽出的一组测量值 SAMPLE = finite number of observations = total (infinite) number of observations 样本容量━━样本中所含测量值的数目 Statistical sample analytical sample Example 有一矿石样品，在相同条件下测定Ni的百分含量。共有90个测定值，这些测定值彼此独立，属随机变量。 In order to study the regularity of the distribution of measurement data, According to the following steps to prepare frequency distribution table in order to conduct investigations. 1. range R=1.74-1.49=0.25 2. Determine the group number group interval The number of group depending on sample size ， * *