国际贸易学期末考试重点!.ppt

Chapter 8 Trade Restrictions: Tariffs 8.1 Introduction: Trade or commercial policies Tariff is a tax or duty levied on the trade commodity as it crosses a national boundary. Import tariff, export tariff. Ad valorem tariff: a fixed percentage of the value of the traded commodity Specific tariff: a fixed sum per physical unit of the traded commodity Compound tariff: a combination of an ad valorum and a specific tariff. Task 1, read case study 8-1 and 8-2 to have a rough idea of average tariff on industrial products in major developed countries and in some major developing countries 8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff Consumption Effect of a Tariff Production Effect of a Tariff Trade Effect of a Tariff Revenue Effect of a Tariff 8.2A Partial equilibrium Effects of a tariff 8.2 B Effects of a Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus A reduction in consumer surplus and an increase in producer surplus 8.2 C Costs and Benefits of a tariff 8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure 8.3 A The Rate of Effective Protection A nation often imports a raw material duty free or imposes a lower tariff rate on the importation of the input than on the importation of the final commodity produced with the imported input. The rate of effective protection ( calculated on the domestic value added, or processing, that takes place in the nation) exceeds the nominal tariff rate ( calculated on the value of the final commodity) Domestic valued added equals the price of the final commodity minus the cost of the imported inputs going into the production of the commodity. The rate of effective protection is usually calculated by the following formula: g=the rate of effective protection to producers of the final commodity t= the nominal tariff rate on consumers of the final commodity ai=the ratio of the cost of the imported input to the price of the final commodity in the absence of tariffs ti= the nominal tariff rate on the imported input