计算机概论Chapter2.pptVIP

Chapter 2: Data Manipulation 2.1 Computer Architecture 2.2 Machine Language 2.3 Program Execution 2.4 Arithmetic/Logic Instructions 2.5 Communicating with Other Devices 2.6 Other Architectures Computer Architecture Central Processing Unit (CPU,中央处理单元) or processor(处理器) Arithmetic/Logic unit versus(算术/逻辑单元) Control unit(控制单元) Registers(寄存器) General purpose Special purpose Bus(总线) Motherboard(主板) Figure 2.1 CPU and main memory connected via a bus Stored Program Concept A program can be encoded as bit patterns and stored in main memory. From there, the CPU can then extract the instructions and execute them. In turn, the program to be executed can be altered easily. Terminology Machine instruction(机器指令): An instruction (or command) encoded as a bit pattern recognizable by the CPU Machine language(机器语言): The set of all instructions recognized by a machine Machine Language Philosophies Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC, 精简指令集计算机) Few, simple, efficient, and fast instructions Examples: PowerPC from Apple/IBM/Motorola and SPARK from Sun Microsystems Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC,复杂指令集计算机) Many, convenient, and powerful instructions Example: Pentium from Intel Machine Instruction Types Data Transfer(数据传输): copy data from one location to another Arithmetic/Logic(算术/逻辑): use existing bit patterns to compute a new bit patterns Control(控制): direct the execution of the program Figure 2.2 Adding values stored in memory Figure 2.3 Dividing values stored in memory Figure 2.4 The architecture of the machine described in Appendix C Parts of a Machine Instruction Op-code: Specifies which operation to execute Operand: Gives more detailed information about the operation Interpretation of operand varies depending on op-code Figure 2.5 The composition of an instruction for the machine in Appendix C Figure 2.6 Decoding the instruction 35A7 Figure 2.7 An encoded version of the instructions in Figure 2.2 Program Execution Controlled by two special-purpose r