量子力学第一章19269new.pptVIP

§3 量子力学的地位和作用 列举20世纪最有影响的科学进展应当包含广义相对论、量 子力学、宇宙大爆炸、遗传密码的破译等等。在这些进展当中， 量子力学深层次的根本属性使得它处在一个最为独特的位置。它 迫使物理学家们改造他们关于实在的观念；迫使他们重新审视事 物最深层次的本性；迫使他们修正位置和速度的概念以及原因和 结果的定义。 §4 量子力学的基本问题 量子理论过去的成功并不意味着它是一个彻底完善的物理学理论。 自量子力学诞生以来，关于量子力学的思想基础和基本问题的争论，从 来就没有停止过。人们对于量子力学本身的完备性及其一些基本观念的 理解，甚至持有截然不同的观点。包括量子力学的一些开拓者也为自己 所做的事情所困扰，甚至有时对自己的所作所为感到失望。比如，爱因 斯坦不接受量子理论，他一直就量子力学的基本原理同玻尔争论，直至 1955年去世。 1913, Bohr (age 28) constructs a theory of atom 1921 Bohr Institute opened in Copenhagen (Denmark) It became a leading center for quantum physics (Pauli, Heisenberg, Dirac, …)  Niels Bohr (1885-1962) Nobel Prize 1922 old quantum theory matrix formulation of quantum mechanics Werner Heisenberg(1901-1976) Nobel Prize 1932 1925 at G?ttingen (Germany) M. Born (age 43) W. Heisenberg (age 23) P. Jordan (age 22) Max Born (1882-1970) Nobel Prize 1954 wavefunction formulation of quantum mechanics Erwin Schr?dinger (1887-1961) Nobel Prize 1933 1923 De Broglie (age 31) matter has wave properties Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) Nobel Prize 1929 1926 Schr?dinger (age 39) Schr?dinger equation 1926 Erwin Schr?dinger in Austria Carl Eckert (age 24) in America Proved: wave mechanics = matrix mechanics (Schr?dinger and Heisenberg theories equivalent mathematically) Schr?dingers wave mechanics eventually became the method of choice, because it is less abstract and easier to understand than Heisenbergs matrix mechanics Neumann (mathematician) invented operator theory Largely because of his work (publish his book in 1932), quantum physics and operator theory can be viewed as two aspects of the same subject. wave mechanics = matrix mechanics Paul Dirac (1902-1984) Nobel Prize 1933 1925 Pauli (age 25) Pauli exclusion principle Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958) Nobel Prize 1945 1928 Dirac (age 26) Dirac equation (quantum+relativity) 1927 Solvay Conference Held in Belgium, the conference was attended by the worlds most notable physicist