THE OMBUDSMAN AND THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN EUROPE： CASE STUDY OF ITALIAN ＂CIVIC DEFENDER＂-论文.pdfVIP

THE0MBUDSMAN ANDTHEPR0TECT10N 0F HUMAN R G【HTSIN EUR0PE：CASE STUDY OF ITALIAN “CIVICDEFENDER ’ MarcoA．QuirozVitale ThepaperiscenteredontheOmbudsmansroleinthedefenseof individualhumanrights．TheinstitutionoftheOmbudsmanisbasedonthe ideathatcitizensshouldbeentitledtocomplainagainstspecificactsand behaviorsoftheirrulersandthattheircomplaintsshouldbeinvestigatedby anindependent6D ．InEurope，theestablishmentofaspecfiicofficeto investigate citizen complaints againstpublic bureaucracy isrelatively recen~having started in Sweden in thePrfv 19ht century butcan be consideredasafundamentalEuropeanfnstitution．Thegeneralpurposeof theauthoristoexplainhow theOmbudsman，fnanew globalera,takepart mthedefenseofhumanrights．Thankstoasocio—legalmethodofanalysis． wereflectuponthesocialfunctionof hteOmbudsmaninEuropeandits lega，structure．nIfact,OmbudsmencametobeseenasusefulfnheIpingto meettheproblem of expandingbureaucracyinthemodernwelf_alestate andtofmprovehumanrights．nIparticular,theincreaseinthepowersof discretiongiventoEuropeangovernmentsledtoaneedofprotection againstadministrativearbitrariness．Th eItaliancasestudydemonstrates theactivity of theOmbudsman--andespecially of a H“umanRights Ombudsman”一括dysfunctionalforauthoritariangovernmentsand,also． givesaparadigmaticexampleojtheregresstveprocessesthat,evenin Western Democracies，and affect the attempts at the complete democratizationofpoliticalinstitutions． INTR0DuCT10N………………………………………………………………………………．．952 I．THE0MBUDSMANASANIDEAL—TYPE…………………………………．…………．．956 II．THEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEOMBUDSMANANDHISEXPANSIONTOTHE FIELDOFHUMANRIGHTS．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．960 ． TheNatureof H“umanRightsOmbudsman”……………………．．960 ． StructuralCharactersoftheOmbudsmaninEuropeandthe ProtectionofHumanRights．