Chapter12-EquilibriumandElasticity.pptVIP

Chapter 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity Key contents Conditions for mechanical equilibrium Indeterminate structure Stress, strain, modulus of elasticity 12.2 Equilibrium Fig. 12-1 A balancing rock. Although its perch seems precarious, the rock is in static equilibrium. (Symon Lobsang/Photis/ Jupiter Images Corp.) The state of (mechanical) equilibrium: 1. The linear momentum of the system is constant. 2. Its angular momentum is also constant. Static equilibrium; dynamic equilibrium Stable equilibrium; unstable equilibrium 12.3 The Requirements of Equilibrium 12.4 The Center of Gravity Example, static equilibrium: Example, static equilibrium: Example, static equilibrium, cont.: Example, static equilibrium: 12.6: Indeterminate Structures Absolute rigidity is pure idealization. Structures are always elastic to different extents. 12.7: Elasticity A stress is defined as deforming force per unit area, which produces a strain, or unit deformation. Stress and strain are, within a certain range, proportional to each other. The constant of proportionality is called a modulus of elasticity. 12.7: Elasticity: Tension and Compression For simple tension or compression, the stress on the object is defined as F/A, where F is the magnitude of the force applied perpendicularly to an area A on the object. The strain, or unit deformation, is then the dimensionless quantity DL/L, the fractional change in a length of the specimen. The modulus for tensile and compressive stresses is called the Young’s modulus and is represented in engineering practice by the symbol E. Fig. 12-12 A stress–strain curve for a steel test specimen. The specimen deforms permanently when the stress is equal to the yield strength of the specimen’s material. It ruptures when the stress is equal to the ultimate strength of the material. 12.7: Elasticity: Shearing In the case of shearing, the stress is also a force per unit area, but the force vector lies in the plane of the area rather than perpendicular to