Chapter16-DepartmentofPhysicsandEngineeringPhysics.docVIP

CHAPTER 5. Finite Control Volume Analysis ( Applications of Reynolds Transport Theorem a) Conservation of Fluid Mass (Continuity Equation) b) Newton’s 2nd law of fluid motion (Fluid dynamics) c) 1st and 2nd laws of Thermodynamics Note: An assumption through entire chapter, Flow properties ( Uniform over cross-sectional areas (CS) Application 1. Conservation of Mass (The Continuity Equation) Let B = mass ( b = 1 Mass of a system: Must be conserved i.e. Consider a system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume as shown Then, Reynolds transport theorem: = + Finally, Fluid Mass in a control volume ( : The continuity equation e.g. For a steady flow, Mass in CV, ( = Constant Then, = 0 Meaning: Mass flow leaving (+) CV = Mass flow entering (() CV i.e. Across Control surface, where =, for uniform flow over a projected area A, (( ) ( Useful analysis tips for Mass Conservation 1. over the CS: Negative (() for flow entering the CV Positive (+) for flow leaving the CV 2. For a steady flow, = 0 and thus, 3. For a steady flow of incompressible fluid ( = constant) 4. For a non-uniform velocity distribution over the CS, = ?A(: average value) 5. For more than one steady non-uniform stream, Ex. 1 Fixed and Non-deforming Control Volume Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of 4-in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in figure. The uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. If the average air velocity (nonuniform velocity distribution) at section (2) is 1000 ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at section (1). Sol.) Necessary Eq.: The continuity equation, + = 0 (Steady flow ( ) Then, Nonuniform velocity distribution at (1) and (2) ( Express the Equation using the Average velocity or (Compressible Air ( Con