SUPLEMENTARYCHAPTER1AnIntroductiontoDigital.pptVIP

SUPLEMENTARY CHAPTER 1:An Introduction to Digital Logic The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software: An Information Technology Approach 3rd Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons ?2003 Integrated Circuits The building blocks of computers Designed for specialized functions Examples: the CPU, bus interface, memory management unit Transistors: primary components of ICs Motorola MPC 7400 PowerPC modules: 6.5 million transistors in less than ? in2 Transistors Boolean algebra: basis for computer logic design Transistors: means for implementing Boolean algebra Switches: on/off to represent the 0’s and 1’s of binary digital circuits Combined to form logic gates Digital Circuits Combinatorial logic Results of an operation depend only on the present inputs to the operation Uses: perform arithmetic, control data movement, compare values for decision making Sequential logic Results depend on both the inputs to the operation and the result of the previous operation Uses: counter Boolean Algebra Rules that govern constants and variables that can take on 2 values True/false; on/off; yes/no; 0/1 Boolean logic Rules for handling Boolean constants and variables 3 fundamental operations:  AND, OR and NOT Truth Table: specifies results for all possible input combinations Boolean Operators AND Result TRUE if and only if both input operands are true C = A ? B INCLUSIVE-OR Result TRUE if any input operands are true C = A + B Boolean Operators NOT Result TRUE if single input value is FALSE C = A Boolean Operators EXCLUSIVE-OR Result TRUE if either A or B is TRUE but not both C = A ⊕ B Can be derived from INCLUSIVE-OR, AND and NOT A xor B equals A or B but not both A and B A xor B = either A and not B or B and not A Boolean Algebra Operations Valid for INCLUSIVE-OR, AND, XOR Associative Distributive Commutative DeMorgan’s Theorems Gates and Combinatorial Logic Many computer functions defined in terms of Boolean equations Example: sum