Chapter3FiberOpticsandIntegratedOptics.pptVIP

Fiber Tapers ?1 ?2 d1 d2 way to change the acceptance angles of a fiber sometimes used to collimate light 2. Gradient-Index Fiber Simplification: continuous n change → discrete layers of n From Snell’s refraction law: At the nth boundary, at the distance R from the axis: Therefore: With n(R)↓→ Sin I(R)↑ → I(R) ↑ Until: Sin I (R ) =1 → I(R) =90?, The ray return back to the center( optical axis) Additional Fiber Types (All single mode) 3. Applications A. Transmission of light image to illuminate hard to reach places; to conduct light out of small places Inside heart, digestive tract, stomach, respiratory tract, lung, etc. B. Tele-communication advantages: light in weight， efficient use of space in conduits less expensive Free from electrical interference， aircraft, military, security Flexible Secure to interception Low power lost enormous capacity of transmission: WDM/ DWDM(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)， Higher data rates over longer distances-- more “bandwidth” for internet traffic Problem remained: Attenuation: power lost ( minimum at 1.55?m) Dispersion: modal, material (minimum at 1.31?m), Types of Dispersion in Fibers modal - time delay from path length differences - usually the biggest culprit in step-index material - n(?) : different times to cross fiber  -(note: smallest effect ~ 1.3 ?m) waveguide - changes in field distribution  -(important for SM) non-linear - n can become intensity-dependent NOTE: GRIN fibers tend to have less modal dispersion because the ray paths are shorter Effect of Modal Dispersion time time time modal example: step index ~ 24 ns km -1  GRIN ~ 122 ps km-1 initial pulse farther down farther still 4. Bel Decibel (dB): Comparative unit Input: ?1 output: ?2 Attenuation Bel → Decibel (dB) → ?2= 10?1 → 1Bel → 10dB ?2= 100?1 → 2Bel → 20dB ?2= ?1 → 0Bel → 0dB ?2= ?1/2 → 10lg0.5 → -3dB Fibers are made of