经典教程-像差理论分析.pdfVIP

Thiel 2/4/98 Physics 426 I. Introduction to the Aberrations of Optical Systems Perfect image formation in an optical system occurs when all of the rays originating from a single object point cross at a single image point, or equivalently, when the geometrical wavefront in image space has a spherical shape centered on the image point. Lord Rayleigh provided a mathematical proof that in order for an optical system to produce a perfect image of an object, all of the optical path lengths (OPL’s) for each possible ray connecting an object point to its corresponding image point (conjugate points) must be equal. The only surfaces to rigorously satisfy this condition are the Cartesian oval and the conic sections at one pair of conjugates. This situation is never satisfied for a real optical system with spherical optics, or for the oval and conic sections away from their unique pair of conjugate points (the only optical element that exhibits stigmatic imaging for all pairs of conjugate points is the plane mirror). This leads us to expect deviations from ideal (stigmatic) imaging which we refer to as aberrations. Aberrations are highly dependent upon surface curvatures, conjugate ratios, aperture stop location and diameter, and field angles. 1). Monochromatic aberrations are aberrations that arise due to geometrical deviations from paraxial (Gaussian) theory. First-order theory corresponds to the approximation sinθ ≈ θ. If we extend the approximation to the next 3 term, we can predict deviations from paraxial theory when sinθ ≈ θ - θ /6. This third-order theory describes the fiv