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The Nature of Science 科學的本質 科學是甚麼? 林　陳　涌 國立台灣師範大學生物學系 活動一 介紹同學 找一個人當被介紹者 找兩個人當介紹者 請介紹人先後介紹備介紹人 比較兩者介紹的內容 活動二 討論甚麼是科學 六六小組討論法 儘量多方陳述意見,不一定要建立共識 各組報告 科學本質的意義 What is about science? Social Study of Science, SSS Philosophy, History, Sociology, Psychology (PHS) The absence of consensus Multiple Natures of Sciences 範圍: Natural Sciences (Technology, Social Sciences) 仍存在灰色地帶 歷史因素 古希羅 科學大革命 20世紀初 20世紀末 學科因素 物質科學 地球科學 生命科學 (各科內部) 科學本質的內容(1) 科學知識的本質 科學方法(探討)的本質 科學事業的本質(社會層面) 科學本質的內容(2-1) 向度一：定義 主題一：科學與技學 向度二：外在科學社會學 主題二：社會對科技的影響 主題三：(保留) 主題四：科技對社會的影響 主題五：學校科學對社會的影響 科學本質的內容(2-2) 向度三：內在科學社會學 主題六：科學家的特性 主題七：社會建構科學知識 主題八：社會建構技學 向度四：知識論 主題九：科學知識的本質 Science as a body of Knowledge 科學的產物 單一事件 普遍化敘述 科學的企圖 -- 普遍化敘述 Facts 科學知識的基本單位 可直接觀察 可操弄 自然界尚有很多事件例外 歷史事件　太小 太大 Facts have little meanings by themselves. They are raw material in a sense and must be examined to form meaningful ideas and relationships. Laws Empirical generalizations If…….then Cause-effect Concepts Patterns and connections among data 概念的五個元素 NAME, DEFINITION, ATTRIBUTES, VALUES, EXAMPLE The process of concept formation and attainment is an active one and requires more than just conveying these elements. Theories Theories deal with the complexities of reality--that which is obscure and hidden from direct observation. Scientists use theories present their explanations of why phenomena occur as they do. Theories are of a different nature, and they never become fact or law, but remain tentative until disproved or revised. Models (1) A scientific model is the representation of something that we cannot see. These models become mental images that are used to represent phenomena and other abstract ideas. Sometimes there are no sharp distinction among models , hypotheses, and theories. Models (2) Models are useful to help us to become familiar with important ideas. Unfortunately, many come to believe that models presented in science textbooks are the real thing, forge