诺贝尔医学奖论文剖析2012.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 科学假说和验证假说具有重要作用 启示2 传染病的假说 流行病学调查 禁止食人葬俗预防 库鲁病发病假说 社会习俗调查 库鲁病人脑组织中 可能存在“ 感染 因子” 的假说 动物实验验证“感染因子” 的存在。 广泛联系，拓展思路 启示3 在发现了库鲁病的慢病毒感染以后, 并不停留在这只是个别原始民族的疾病问题, 而是和人类和动物其他更为广泛的某些原因不明的神经系统和非神经系统的疾病相联系, 提出这类疾病也可能由慢性病毒引起的假说, 为研究这类疾病提出新的方向。 采用类比方法解决病因研究中的主要科学矛盾 启示4 1）矛盾一是从流行病学调查证据看是传染病, 而从个体症状和实验室检查证据看非典型传染病, 只有解决这个矛盾才能发现慢病毒在库鲁病中的病原作用。这个矛盾的解决需要做动物实验验证,因而是 Gajdusek决心进行动物实验的动因，通过类比研究证实库鲁病和羊蚤痒病可能是同一个病原体引起的。 Small laboratory animals : Transmit kuru to small laboratory animals  or to isolate a bacterium, leptospirum, fungus,  rickettsia, or virus using tissue cultures or embryonated hen’s eggs were unsuccessful. Epidemiology : infectious Etiological hypothesis of Kuru Clinical: patients: no obvious signs of infection: (1) no meningo – encephalitic signs or symptoms (fever, confusion, convulsions, or coma), (2) no cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis orelevated protein level. Pathology by autopsy: no perivascular cuffings or other signs of inflammatory brain pathology. Environmental investigations: neither exhaustive genetic analyses nor the search for nutritional deficiencies or environmental toxins resulted in a tenable hypothesis Liberski, P.P., Brown, P., Kuru: its ramifications after fifty years, Experimental Gerontology (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.05.010 ?Misinterpretations of Kuru Scholars who first studied the disease had major misconceptions concerning its nature. They first incorrectly postulated that it was a genetic disorder, as it had a tendency to occur among family members. This possibility was eventually ruled out because Kuru was too co