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机械振动_加州大学_University of California_Chapter 1 Oscillatory Motion.doc

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机械振动_加州大学_University of California_Chapter 1 Oscillatory Motion.doc

Chapter 1 Oscillatory Motion Most engineering machines and structures: Experience vibration to some degree All bodies with mass and elasticity capable of vibration Oscillatory systems: Linear systems with the principle of superposition and the mathematical techniques available Techniques for the analysis of nonlinear systems are less well known, and difficult to apply. Free vibrations: Systems oscillate under the action of forces inherent in the system itself External impressed forces are absent Vibrate at one or more of its natural frequencies Forced vibrations: When the excitation is oscillatory, the system is forced to vibrate at the excitation frequency. Resonance if the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies The failure of major structures such as bridges, buildings, or airplane wings is awesome possibility under resonance. The calculation of the natural frequencies is of major importance in the study of vibration. Damping: Energy dissipation by friction and other resistances Importance in limiting the amplitude of oscillation at resonance Degrees of Freedom (DOF): The number of independent coordinates required to describe the motion of a system Three DOF for a particle and six DOF for a rigid body Infinite DOF for a continuous elastic body Rigid body assumption for finite DOF In fact, a surprisingly large number of vibration problems can be treated with sufficient accuracy by reducing the system to one having a few DOF. 1.1 HARMONIC MOTION Periodic Motion: The motion is repeated in equal interval of time, ( ( is the period of the oscillation The frequency of the oscillation ( The periodic motion can be expressed as Harmonic Motion: The simplest form of periodic motion Demonstrated by a suspended mass (Fig. 1.1.1) The motion can be expressed as: (1.1.1) where A is the amplitude of oscillation, measured from the equilibrium position of the mass, and ( is the period. Harmonic motion is often represented as the projection on a s