Citrus Phytochemicals 1.pptVIP

Citrus Phytochemicals Nutraceuticals Nutraceuticals is a generic description of food composites containing natural and biologically active phytochemicals with disease-preventing and life-sustaining functions alone or in combination. Chemopreventive agents Micronutrients vitamins, beta carotene, molybdenum, calcium Phytochemicals Synthetics vitamin derivatives piroxicam tamoxifen Phytochemicals Carotenoids Indole Saponins Coumarins Dietary Fiber Isoflavones Protease inhibitors Phytochemicals Organosulfides Isothiocynates Indoles Dithiolthiones Polyphenols Flavonoids Tannins Folic acid Contd. Chemopreventive agents (Based on their mechanisms of action) Blocking agents Suppressing agents Chemopreventive agents Blocking agents Flavonoids Indoles Isothiocynates Diallyl sulfides D-limonene Chemopreventive agents Suppressing agents D-limonene Diallyl sulfides vitamin D vitamin A and retinoids monoterpenes carotenoids polyphenols protease inhibitors selenium calcium Anticarcingenic mechanisms Antioxidant effects Increased activity of enzymes that detoxify carcinogens Effect on cell differentiation Blocked formation of nitrosamines Altered estrogen metabolism Decreased cell proliferation Maintenance of normal DNA repair Carotenoids Lycopene -Prostate Cancer Beta carotene Lutein and zeaxanthin-Blindness Beta cryptoxanthin Carotenoid Concentrations Lycopene- Grapefruit 3362 ug/100 g wet wt (Mangels et al.,1993) 350 ug/100 g wet wt (Gross et al., 1987) Carotenoid Concentrations (ug/100g) Limonoid Concentrations Limonoid glucosides Limonin 17-beta D-glucopyranoside (54-180 ppm) Oranges-320 ppm Grapefruit -195 ppm Lemon-90 ppm LG 1000 Anticarcarcinogenic activities (Lam and Hasegawa, 1989; Lam et al., 1989, 1994; Miller et al., 1989; Gutherie et al., 1997, 1998) Act as natural pest control agents (Alford et al., 1986; Klocke and Kubo, 1987) Excellent chemotaxonomic markers (Hasegawa and Ifuku, 1994) Cancer cells used (MTT method) The HL-60 (human leukemi